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read coverage for position to be considered 10, minimum read coverage for minor allele 2, lower probability threshold for reporting polymorphism candidate 0. 9. all other parameters were left with default values. GDC-0152 The CAL2 2 ensures that probability of detecting true SNPs is at least an order of magnitude higher than repeated sequencing errors ]. The genus Erwinia comprises essentially plant associated bacteria. Two species, Erwinia amylovora and Erwinia pyrifoliae, are connected with pome fruit diseases, fire blight of apple, pear and some ornamentals and Asian pear blight, respectively, Other species were iso lated from plant surfaces such as Erwinia billingiae and Erwinia tasmaniensis. Due to their epiphytic occurrence, they can compete with growth and distribution of E.

amylovora IU1 on flowers and may be applied as antagonists for control of fire blight, Such bacteria have the poten tial to reduce the use of antibiotics in agriculture for con trol of the disease. Accumulation of streptomycin resistant strains in pome fruit growing regions in the United States emphasizes the need of new strategies to reduce economical losses of more than 100 million per year for the United States resulting from fire blight, In the course of description of pear pathogenic E. pyri foliae strains, isolated in Korea, it became evident that they are related to E. amylovora, but distinct for several taxonomic criteria, A pathogen associated with bac terial shoot blight of pear in Japan was also classi fied as E. pyrifoliae, Strain Ep1 96 from Korea is assumed to be a representative for E.

pyrifoliae and the features are also valid for the strains from Japan. In dendrograms from 16 S rRNA sequences and in alignments of parts from the house keeping genes gpd and recA, E. pyrifoliae is related to E. amylovora, less to E. tasmaniensis and in more distance to E. billingiae, AZ20 Several properties of these species can explain their interactions with plants. Pathogens as well as epiphytic bacteria are dependent on the availability of carbohy drates to metabolize them as an energy source. Plants synthesize and transport high levels of sucrose as a main product of photosynthesis. E. amylovora, the fire blight pathogen, is specialized on rosaceous plants, which Ribonucleotide typi cally also produce sorbitol. Mutants of E. amylovora in the sucrose and in the sorbitol metabolism are non pathogenic, Surprisingly, E.

tasmaniensis lacks the srl operon and is unable to metabolize sorbitol, although the epiphytes were isolated from the apple and pear flora, AZ20 E. billingiae was isolated from a similar environ ment, initially designated as white Erwinia herbicola GDC-0152 and later classified as a novel species, These bac teria are also detected in necrotic plant tissue from trees with fire blight, but do not share important properties with E. amylovora, These include the inability of E. billingiae to cause a hypersensi tive response on tobacco leaves, a lack of levan syn thesis with a general deficiency to metabolize sucrose, A deficiency in levan formation was also observed for E. pyrifoliae, On the other hand, destruction of the host plant tissue, indicated by HR on non host plants, is an important pathogenicity factor of E.

amylovora and was also described for E. pyrifoliae, Another important pathogenicity factor of E. amylo vora and E. pyrifoliae is the formation of capsular exopolysaccharide, AZ20 Gene clusters encoding func tions for amylovoran synthesis of E. amylovora and pyri folan synthesis of E. pyrifoliae have been described and mutants created in these genes by transposon and by site directed mutagenesis, which GDC-0152 lost virulence, Other virulence factors of E. amylovora were described to include iron uptake, or defects in amino acid or AZ20 nucle otide metabolism, Therefore it was of special interest to show, if factors necessary for invasion can be identified in the genome of E. pyrifoliae and if their absence in the genome of E. billingiae and E. tasmaniensis can describe their epi phytic occur